According to the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT, n.d.), 81% of children with emotional and behavioural disorders have significant, yet unidentified, communication needs. In addition, children with persistent and severe conduct problems are around three times more likely to have low verbal ability than children at a lower risk of conduct problems. These findings highlight the importance of considering communication when trying to understand behaviour (Conti-Ramsden et al., 2012).

The ability to tell a story, known as narrative language, is much more than simply talking. It involves organising thoughts, remembering events, using appropriate vocabulary, and putting ideas together in a way that makes sense to the listener. These skills begin to emerge as early as two years of age, and by around five years, many children can retell familiar stories in their own words.

Down Syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs when an individual is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This additional genetic material affects brain and body development, leading to a range of physical characteristics and developmental differences. Individuals with Down Syndrome may experience challenges in areas such as learning, communication, movement, and daily living skills (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2026).